It is hoped that a yet-to-be-negotiated, long-term agreement will include a reduction in that capability. The Reilly Center was established in 1985 and now supports a number of education, research, and outreach programs and initiatives, including the PhD program in History and Philosophy of Science, the undergraduate minor in Science, Technology, and Values, a Dual-Degree Arts & Letters/Engineering program, and research partnerships with NDNano (the Notre Dame Center for Nanoscience and Technology), the Notre Dame Environmental Change Initiative, and the Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Initiative. Well and good, you say, but surely yours is an exceptional case. And that exodus was driven, if you will, by the rapid rise in private automobile ownership, which made possible ones working and living in widely separated locations. We are all now perfectly comfortable with air travel in totally autonomous aircraft that can and often do fly almost gate to gate entirely on autopilot. Texting and driving. 15 Finds Out: Through Your Backyard., On the Moral and Intellectual Bankruptcy of Risk Analysis: Garbage In, Garbage Out, http://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e01875-14.full, The Scientist qua Scientist Has a Duty to Advocate and Act, Nuclear Options: What Is Not in the Interim Agreement with Iran, Robots on the Road: The Moral Imperative of the Driverless Car, Science and Values 1. Values. The new interim agreement does require Iran to provide to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) an updated Design Information Questionnaire regarding the Arak reactor, it stipulates that there will be no further advances of [Irans] activities at Arak, it obligates Iran to take steps to agree with the IAEA on conclusion of the Safeguards Approach for the reactor at Arak (whatever that means), and Iran agrees to do no reprocessing of spent fuel (the main purpose of which would be to extract plutonium) and not to construct reprocessing facilities. Subversion of prejudice is a form of critique, but sociology of science, like history of science, remains a largely descriptive, not critical enterprise. Its a good thing that we dont give the amateurs a vote. For decades, risk analysis has been the main tool guiding policy in many domains, from environment and public health to workplace and transportation safety, and even to nuclear weapons. Much of the Franck report was written by Eugene Rabinowitch, who went on to become a major figure in the Pugwash movement, the leader of which, Joseph Rotblat, was awarded the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize for his exemplary efforts in promoting international communication and understanding among nuclear scientists from around the world during the worst of the Cold War. Consider the basic design of a plutonium bomb of the kind dropped on Nagasaki. We may argue about how good a job the sociologists have done since the advent of the strong programme (strong = context shapes the content of science, not just its aims and institutions) some thirty plus years ago. But as driverless cars replace driver-controlled cars, we will reduce the rate of death and injury to near zero. It establishes enduring, shared, microbial communities among people who more regularly group together, from families, friends, and office mates to church groups and neighborhoods. There are no objective hedonic and lupenic metrics. It is argued that breaching disciplinary walls is necessary for solving many of the problems that humankind faces, like anthropogenic climate change, the threat of artificial intelligence run amok, and endemic poverty and disease in less developed parts of the world, but that the silo structure of the modern academy stands in the way. Macroporous Nanowire Nanoelectronic Scaffolds for Synthetic Tissues. Nature Materials 11, 986-994. Moreover, the UF6 that is to be converted to UO2 can be reconverted to UF6 and then further enriched. 1. In its most general form, we call this cost-benefit analysis. We call it risk analysis when our concern is mainly with the down-side consequences, such as the risk of a core meltdown at a nuclear power facility. We have to wait and see how the interim agreement works. Wouldnt you like full-color, video tattoos, ones that you can turn off for a day in the office and turn on for a night of clubbing, all thanks to grafted, synthetic nanowired skin? Take a look at the contents of the published volume, which came to fruition largely through the efforts of Nancey Murphy and her colleagues at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, and was co-published by CTNS and the Vatican Observatory: Physics and Cosmology: Scientific Perspectives on the Problem of Natural Evil. Were Iran in a state of armed conflict with an adversary, as defined by the international law of armed conflict (ILOAC), and if one of its technical personnel were directly involved in weapons development, then that individual would be a legitimate target, as when the OSS targeted Werner Heisenberg for assassination in WWII owing to his role at the head of the German atomic bomb project. My tenure is in philosophy, but I am a Fellow of the American Physical Society, where I have held and hold important leadership responsibilities. A 74-car trainload of Bakken crude exploded in the center of town. Or would it? Oppenheimer wrote: We didnt think that being scientists especially qualified us as to how to answer this question of how the bombs should be used (Jungk 1958, 186). Philosophy at the University of If you see a post or comment that you think would benefit from an official response, send the information to Jessica Baron at [emailprotected]). But this would be less of a problem with pipeline shipment. John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology and Values c tr s chnh ti Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. Thanks to the STV minor, I have the skills to build an argument and defend it, and to be creative and ask questions that go beyond whats written on the page. But US carriers lack the tanker car and engine capacity, as well as bandwidth on the rails, to move the oil. Phone (574) 631-6456 The point is simply this. But do not enter seems more the sentiment of many when first confronted by the prospect of such enhanced human-electronic integration. This apocalypse fallacy, the invocation of possible catastrophic consequences that overwhelm the cost-benefit calculation, is an all-too-common trope in policy debates. They started from the premise that the scientist qua scientist has a responsibility to advise and advocate, not just inform, arguing that their technical expertise entailed an obligation to act: The scientists on this project do not presume to speak authoritatively on problems of national and international policy. 5(5): . --Christina Del Greco, Class of 2019, To enroll, or to discuss an interest in the program, please emailAnna Geltzer atageltzer@nd.edu. But the nations of the world have yet to evince either the political will or the technical capability to shift us to a totally green energy economy in the near future. The Reilly Center explores conceptual, ethical and policy issues where science and technology intersect with society from different disciplinary perspectives. Studying STV prepares students to pursue a variety of academic and career goals. My still more local niches of the philosophical foundations of physics and technology ethics are, likewise, radically interdisciplinary, and have been so from the very beginning. There is no denying that much has been gained by way of Irans agreeing temporarily to cease uranium enrichment beyond the 5% level necessary for energy production and its agreeing to on-site inspections at its Fordow and Natanz facilities. Though Iran says that the reactor will be used to produce medical isotopes, its most plausible purpose is to be a breeder reactor for the production of plutonium, which is the other standard fuel for atomic weapons that rely upon the process of nuclear fission (as with the North Korean bomb). Once that commercial infrastructure goes, then even those who might otherwise want to live in town find it hard to do so. Here are four issues that should be more prominent in the debate: 1. The natural and the artificial merge in a seamlessly integrated whole. Historians have taught us much about how science works and how it lives in its many contexts. If, therefore, you are an environmentalist who also cares about human well being, you will support the Keystone pipeline. (2012). Nothing has been said officially, but it is widely suspected that Ahmadi was targeted for assassination, some pointing the finger of blame at Israel. In the main, when it comes to all but the more formal questions, philosophers of science have handed the task to their colleagues in history and sociology. Fans of technical history of science have been a tad disappointed in recent decades, but otherwise the history of science is a thriving field, with an expanding scope and a healthy plurality of approaches. Notre Dame Nanoscience and Technology (Ndnano) Research Like a Champion Program Scientia ESTEEM Graduate Program Minor in Sustainability University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center Wireless Institute Eck Institute for Global Health Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values As a new year approaches, the University of Notre Dame's John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology and Values has released its annual list of emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science and technology for 2014.. Any delay whatsoever, whether on the part of designers, manufacturers, regulators, or consumers will be a moral failing on a monumental scale. I have witnessed the creation of remarkable new, purposely interdisciplinary centers, such as the Wireless Institute, the Environmental Change Initiative, the Energy Center, the Center for Nano Science and Technology, and the Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics Initiative. It is, thus, hard to imagine economic circumstances that would lead to a halt or a significant decline in production from the sources served by the Keystone pipeline. Enbridge. Which is, of course, an absurd conclusion. Moreover, we are learning that our microbes are crucial to much more than just digestion. There are new risks, such as hacking, but there are technical ways to reduce such risks. Which brings us back to the challenge for the philosophers of science, my native tribe. These are only the most serious of numerous recent oil train accidents. It is named for the father of an alumnus whose gift launched and supports the Reilly Dual Degree Program in Arts and Letters and Engineering. Death and destruction wrought by earthquakes, hurricanes, and diseaseare classic examples. If that is Irans aim, then the interim agreement achieves much less by way of delaying progress to the goal. And it would be fun it if could even be a bit utopian. Forget chaos theory and the butterfly effect, though those are real worries. We will save over one million lives per year. 3. Punch someone in anger and you are likely to cause pain and injury both to your victim and yourself. And much of the most impressive Iranian ballistic missile research and development has been conducted in facilities under IRGC control, such as the IRGC missile base at Bid Kaneh, where a mysterious explosion during a missile test in November 2011 killed General Hassan Tehrani Moqaddam, who was the head of the IRGCs Arms and Military Equipment Self-Sufficiency Program.. We face a new world. But we consider it to be our responsibility as professionals to ensure, to the best of our ability, that people understand what we know. Am I the only one dismayed by this strong disavowal of any responsibility on the part of climate scientists beyond informing the public? Iran is not in a state of armed conflict with any potential adversary. on On the Pseudoproblem of Interdisciplinarity, on Nuclear Options: What Is Not in the Interim Agreement with Iran, on Robots on the Road: The Moral Imperative of the Driverless Car, on Science and Values 1. This is not for want of trying. Some disciplines bifurcate or trifurcate. Obvious institutional and professional pressures rightly enforce a boundary between science and advocacy in the scientists day-to-day work. However, we found ourselves, by the force of events, during the last five years, in the position of a small group of citizens cognizant of a grave danger for the safety of this country as well as for the future of all the other nations, of which the rest of mankind is unaware. After all, most of us have no problem with prosthetic limbs, even those directly actuated by the brain, nor with pace makers, cochlear implants, or any of the other now long domesticated, implantable, artificial, electronic devices that we use to enhance and prolong life. We talked about new technologies for growing artificial human tissue with embedded, nanoscale, biocompatible wiring, which implies a deep integration of electronics and computing of a kind that annihilates the distinction between human and the machine, perhaps also the distinction between the natural and the artificial. Sincere thanks to Arturo Casadevall and Michael Imperiale for conversations that sharpened and enriched my thinking about this issue. I have long been uneasy about the pseudo-rationalism of such analyses. Moreover, other producer nations, like Saudia Arabia, are far more heavily affected by oil price declines, so if there are to be production cutbacks, those are far more likely to occur with other sources of oil. We promote the advancement of science and technology in the service of human dignity and the common good. Just last fall, I learned of a new field of biomechatronics a synthesis of biomechanics, robotics, prosthetics, and artificial intelligence with its own new center at MIT. But the impact on cities like South Bend could be enormous. Its that it assumes a spatially localized mechanism and a spatially localized part of a human that meet or join in a topologically simple way, in a plane or a plug and socket, perhaps like a usb port in ones temple. The question is, Who is really in control? The interim agreement was negotiated by Iranian Foreign Minister Mohammed Javad Zarif on behalf of the government of President Hassan Rouhani. October 17, 2014. The result is that Bakken oil is moving by rail. Academic Recognition Weekend, The John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology, & Values, Robert M. and Ricki Conway Endowment for Excellence for the Performing Arts. Current design concepts enable easy integration with existing driver-controlled vehicles, which will make possible a smooth transition as the percentage of driverless cars on the road rises steadily. and a graduate minor for students enrolled in other doctoral programs at Notre Dame. (Enbridge 2014. Undergraduate training in STV provides a strong foundation for graduate studies in medicine, business and law as well as a variety of STEM fields. Taken together, these two announcements opened a window on a world that will be remarkably different from the one we inhabit today. An assessment of what has been achieved with the interim agreement depends crucially upon a prior assessment of Irans goals with respect to nuclear weapons capability. World Health Organization. Quite frankly, I worry that it is only a matter of time before Iran attempts precisely that, and the US being a softer target than Israel, I worry that it may happen here first. However low ones probability estimate and, yes, the chances of such a pandemic are low the catastrophic character of a pandemic gets a suffering score that sends the final risk estimate off the charts. There are machine/human or machine/animal interfaces of that kind already. They object also on broader environmentalist grounds that boil down to opposition to a fossil fuels energy economy in the first place. The Science, Technology, and Values program offers students the opportunity to acquire an interdisciplinary. We have to do that. ), The recent decline in oil prices could change the equation, squeezing the profit margin on crude from Alberta tar sands and the Bakken formation. Irans intransigence on this point should give us pause as we try to determine the real purpose of that reactor. University of Notre Dame, John J. Reilly Center For a complete list of conferences, research partnerships, outreach initiatives, and public events see our website at reilly.nd.edu. If my doctor can get real-time data about the performance of an implanted, wired organ and can reprogram some of its functions, then its only a short step to my becoming part of a network of linked human computers. Pay a modest annual fee and a modest per-mile charge, perhaps also carry your own insurance. http://reilly.nd.edu, The Reilly Center explores conceptual, ethical, and policy issues where science and technology intersect with society from different disciplinary perspectives. The precise shaping of those conventional explosive charges and their precise, simultaneous detonation are among the most difficult technical challenges in bomb design and manufacture. There are perfectly reasonable questions about environmental risk in some especially environmentally sensitive areas through which the phase IV pipeline would pass, such as the Sand Hills region of Nebraska, and about impacts on some Native American and First Nations lands. Traditionally we distinguish natural evil from moral evil. Natural evil is suffering that is a consequence of the operation of natural law. November 12, 2014. The John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology, & Values "explores conceptual, ethical, and policy issues where science and technology intersect with society from different disciplinary perspectives," to promote science that works for the greater good, according to its hallmark mission statement. That was a very smart move. The important question is not whether?, but how? Philosophers, theologians, and thoughtful people of every kind, including scientists and engineers, must be part of that conversation. It simply wont do to stamp our feet and just say no. The technology will move forward at best only a little slowed down by fretting and harangue from the humanists. Some of these estimates, such as estimating the probability of injury or death from driving a car five miles on a sunny day with light traffic, are robust because they are data driven. But the Revolutionary Guard functions as almost a shadow government, with considerable independent authority. No one wants war with Iran over its nuclear ambitions. Oil will be an essential part of the global energy economy for decades to come. University of Notre Dame Driverless cars are a reality, not just in California and not just as test vehicles being run by Google. Some disciplines merge or birth hybrid offspring. Does this mean that we should rush into nuclear power generation or that we should refuse the cry for an Ebola vaccine from Africa? Now we regard such dogma not as insight, but as blindness, and the newer historiography explains it as not just the conclusion of a bad argument but as the disciplines defensive response to political persecution before (Hitler) and after (Joe McCarthy) the Second World War. As explained in a helpful recent article by Jeremy Bernstein, the Arak reactor is central to any evaluation of Irans nuclear ambitions. But explaining how and why is not easy. http://www.makeroadssafe.org/publications/Documents/Rio_20_Report_lr.pdf, WHO 2013a. We bring students, academics, and the public into conversation through education, research, and outreach. And this transition entails only the most minimal economic cost, with no serious negative impact of any other kind. 2. Its just that one must be aware and wary of the agenda-driven abuse of such moral reflection in the pseudo-rational form of risk and cost-benefit analysis. But the interim agreement places no obstacles in the way of research and development on these other aspects of nuclear weapons design. Well, sure, do some more calculations and theoretical modeling to fix limits on the probability, but dont stop just because the probability remains finite. If plutonium production is the goal, then our obsession with Irans uranium enrichment capability could be distracting us from a more serious threat. In that sense, I am, from a genetic point of view, much more than just my own DNA, so much so that some thinkers now argue that the human person should be viewed not as an individual, but as a collective. With that the boundary between human and machine dissolves. One estimates the costs and benefits from various courses of action and their conceivable outcomes, this typically in the form of human suffering and well-being, though other goods, like tactical or strategic advantage, might dominate in some contexts. My postgraduate degrees are both in philosophy, from a philosophy department at Boston University where, in the 1970s, advanced course work in the sciences was strongly reinforced and where three of my philosophy faculty had cross appointments in physics, one of them, Robert Cohen, having chaired both departments. So lets summarize the argument. Back to the issue of the moment. I've really enjoyed the chance to learn about a lot of different areas of science through philosophical and sociological lenses, and it's been a really good way to balance out the technical aspects of my science major." Fall 2022 office hours: Wednesday & Thursday 10:00-11:00AM, or by appointment. In this case, the aircraft probably would have performed better had the switch to manual not been designed into the system (BEA 2012). Why not? Challenge yourselfwith plenty of supportin proof-based mathematics courses. The late Jack Reilly (64), who passed away in August 2014, was an accomplished engineer and humanitarian, and a socially conscious businessman with a passion for creating a better world. Philosophers of science are supposed to understand the structure, methods, and interpretation of science. . When you are done with your shopping or your night on the town, click again and the driverless zip car shows up at the restaurant door. Many of the most interesting problems grow up at the interfaces between different fields. But I dont buy that. 4. http://www.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/78256/1/9789241564564_eng.pdf, WHO 2013b. October 30, 2014. Cosponsored by the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Department of Anthropology, and the John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values at the University of Notre Dame. 2013). But, then, how can we estimate the numbers of affected individuals even just twenty years from now, let alone fifty, or one hundred years in the future. There are conferences, books, anthologies, special issues of journals, albeit, as yet, no prizes. A joint MIT, Harvard, and Boston Childrens Hospital research team led by Robert Langer, Charles Lieber, and Daniel Kohane developed a technique for growing synthetic biological tissue on a substrate containing biocompatible, nanoscale wires, the wiring eventually becoming a permanent part of the fully-grown tissue (Tian et al. It was the engineers and the materials scientists whose work first alerted the theorists to the problem of anomalous specific heats and to the curious features of the black-body radiation spectrum. Of course I understand the complicated politics of climate change and the complicated political environment in which an organization like AAAS operates. Notre Dame Events gathers and disseminates events that are happening on the Notre Dame campus. The great revolution in the biosciences in the twentieth century came about through the creation of wholly new fields, like biophysics, biochemistry, and molecular biology. No. Within each of these new formations a new disciplinarity emerges, of course. Then on April 30 of this year, an oil train derailed and exploded in downtown Lynchburg, Virginia, spilling perhaps as much as 30,000 gallons of oil, some of it into the James River: Fortunately no one was killed, and the damage was much less extensive than in the Lac-Mgantic derailment. . . The University of Notre Dame's John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology and Values has just released its annual list of emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science and technology for 2014. Most interesting to me are those projects that mine the past for fresh insights on science, values, and social embedding, as with Heather Douglass re-reading of Richard Rudner, Tom Uebels rehabilitation of Otto Neurath, and Matt Browns resuscitation of John Dewey (more on all of which anon). The difference is that the engineers hunker down and do the work, whereas we humanists are a lazy bunch. (Federman 2014.). By those metrics, this meeting is among the very best Ive ever attended. Im sorry to be so harsh, but too many of the complainers are just lazy dilettantes. The Science, Technology, and Values program offers students the opportunity to acquire an interdisciplinary understanding of science and technology in modern societies, providing them with analytical and conceptual tools they need to confront the complex questions that arise at the intersection of science and society. Welcome to the official website for the History and Philosophy of Science (HPS) Program's Annual Notre Dame History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Values (ND HPSTV) Graduate Conference! Should there be no progress on enrichment capabilities, the Arak reactor, delivery systems, and the fundamentals of bomb design, then options other than diplomacy might have to be explored, starting with the re-imposition of sanctions. He also established two other endowments in true representation of his broad range of interests: John D. Reilly Endowment for Excellence in support of the Reilly Collection of Old Master Drawings and James J. Reilly Endowment for Excellence in Engineering. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company. So, the pipeline is built, and oil has been flowing for over four years. Engineering problems are just as hard as philosophical ones. Today, one is happy to report, everyone is eager to get on the science and values bandwagon. 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